Despite its small size with a limited land area of just over 316 km² the Maltese Islands offers a remarkable range of natural environments and ecosystems. From endemic plants and migratory birds to seagrass beds and coastal cliffs, the islands support a unique and fragile biodiversity. However, these natural treasures face mounting pressures from human activity and environmental change.

Addressing these challenges requires a balanced approach that promotes conservation, responsible development, and active citizen involvement. The future of Malta’s environment depends not only on policy and enforcement but on a shared national commitment to sustainability.

Types of Environments

Marine Environment

Terrestrial Environment

Aerial (or Atmospheric) Environment

Freshwater Environment

Estuarine Environment

Urban Environment

Subterranean Environment

Hill Environment

Coastal Environment

Islet or Island Environment

Types of Environments in the Maltese Islands

The Maltese Islands boast a surprising range of natural environments. From rugged cliffs and karstic landscapes to fertile valleys, coastal wetlands, and marine ecosystems, the environmental diversity of the Maltese Islands is both a source of national pride and an area of increasing concern due to human pressure and climate change.

Terrestrial Environments

The landscape of the Maltese Islands is shaped by limestone geology, resulting in diverse terrain. Prominent terrestrial features include:

Agricultural Land
Terraced fields with rubble walls are a defining feature of rural Malta, particularly on Gozo. These agricultural systems support biodiversity and help prevent soil erosion.

Coastal and Marine Environments

Malta's 140 km coastline includes:

Wetlands and Reserves

Though limited in size, freshwater and brackish wetlands like Għadira and Simar Nature Reserves are critical habitats for migratory birds and amphibians.

Notable Environmental Facts

• Malta hosts over 1,000 species of plants, including the Maltese rock-centaury (Cheirolophus crassifolius), the national plant.
  
• Over 200 species of birds are recorded annually, many of which are migratory.
  
• The islands have 13 Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) and several Natura 2000 sites, designated under EU law.
  
• Malta has no permanent rivers or lakes; watercourses are seasonal and highly dependent on rainfall.

Environmental Facts

Current Environmental Issues

1. Urban Sprawl and Overdevelopment
   Malta has one of the highest population densities in the EU. Rapid construction and urban expansion have led to the loss of natural habitats, agricultural land, and green spaces. Coastal development, in particular, threatens marine biodiversity and increases the risk of erosion and pollution.
   
2. Waste Management and Pollution
   Malta struggles with high levels of waste generation per capita. Landfills are under pressure, and illegal dumping remains a problem. Plastic pollution affects both land and sea, impacting wildlife and human health.
   
3. Water Scarcity
   The islands face chronic freshwater shortages. With no permanent freshwater bodies, Malta relies heavily on reverse osmosis desalination plants and limited groundwater. Over-extraction has led to saline intrusion and deteriorating water quality.
   
4. Loss of Biodiversity
   Habitat fragmentation, invasive species, and pesticide use threaten native flora and fauna. Many endemic and rare species are under pressure, especially in ecologically sensitive areas.
   
5. Climate Change
   Rising temperatures, reduced rainfall, and extreme weather events are already affecting agriculture, water supplies, and coastal stability. Sea level rise poses a long-term threat to low-lying coastal zones.
   
6. Illegal Hunting and Trapping
   Although heavily regulated under EU laws, bird hunting and trapping remain controversial. Protected species are sometimes targeted illegally during migration seasons.
   

Environmental Issues

Grand Harbour Oil Spill.